German Cases: The Complete Guide

German has four grammatical cases that change how articles, adjectives, and pronouns are declined. Understanding cases is essential for speaking German correctly.

Overview: The Four Cases

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominativder / eindie / einedas / eindie / -
Akkusativden / einendie / einedas / eindie / -
Dativdem / einemder / einerdem / einemden / -
Genitivdes / einesder / einerdes / einesder / -

Nominativ (Nominative Case)

The nominative case marks the subject of a sentence - the person or thing performing the action.

Nominativ

Der Mann liest ein Buch.

The man reads a book.

When to Use Nominativ

  • Subject of any sentence: Who or what is doing the action
  • After "sein" (to be) and "werden" (to become)
Nominativ

Das ist ein guter Freund.

That is a good friend.

Remember

The nominative is the "dictionary form" - it's what you'll find when looking up a noun.

Akkusativ (Accusative Case)

The accusative marks the direct object - what is directly affected by the action.

Akkusativ

Ich sehe den Mann.

I see the man.

When to Use Akkusativ

  • Direct objects: What receives the action directly
  • After accusative prepositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang
  • With two-way prepositions indicating motion toward a destination
Akkusativ

Sie geht durch den Park.

She walks through the park.

Akkusativ Article Changes

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominativder / eindie / einedas / eindie / -
Akkusativden / einendie / einedas / eindie / -
Dativdem / einemder / einerdem / einemden / -
Genitivdes / einesder / einerdes / einesder / -
Only masculine articles change in the accusative: der → den, ein → einen. Feminine, neuter, and plural stay the same!

Dativ (Dative Case)

The dative marks the indirect object - who receives the direct object or benefits from the action.

Dativ

Ich gebe dem Mann das Buch.

I give the book to the man.

When to Use Dativ

  • Indirect objects: To whom something is given/said/shown
  • After dative prepositions: aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu
  • After certain verbs: helfen, danken, gefallen, gehören, folgen, antworten
  • With two-way prepositions indicating location (no motion)
Dativ

Das Buch gehört meiner Schwester.

The book belongs to my sister.

Dativ Article Changes

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Definitedemderdemden (+n)
Indefiniteeinemeinereinem
Dative articles - note the -m endings for masculine/neuter

Don't Forget!

In the dative plural, nouns add -n if they don't already end in -n or -s: "den Kindern", "den Häusern"

Genitiv (Genitive Case)

The genitive shows possession - whose something is.

Genitiv

Das ist das Auto des Mannes.

That is the man's car.

When to Use Genitiv

  • Possession: Whose something belongs to
  • After genitive prepositions: wegen, trotz, während, statt, innerhalb, außerhalb
Genitiv

Trotz des Regens gehen wir spazieren.

Despite the rain, we go for a walk.

Genitiv Article Changes

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Definitedes (+s/es)derdes (+s/es)der
Indefiniteeines (+s/es)einereines (+s/es)
Genitive articles - masculine/neuter nouns also add -s or -es
Masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive usually add -s (des Autos) or -es for words ending in s, ß, x, z (des Hauses).

Complete Article Declension

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominativder / eindie / einedas / eindie / -
Akkusativden / einendie / einedas / eindie / -
Dativdem / einemder / einerdem / einemden / -
Genitivdes / einesder / einerdes / einesder / -

Quick Tips for Remembering Cases

The Accusative Rule

If you can replace the noun with "him/her/it" in English, it's probably accusative. "I see him" → Ich sehe ihn.

The Dative Rule

If you can add "to" or "for" before the noun in English, it's probably dative. "I give (to) him the book" → Ich gebe ihm das Buch.

The Genitive Rule

If you can use "'s" or "of" in English, it's genitive. "The man's car" / "The car of the man" → Das Auto des Mannes.

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